Why Microbiology Is a Powerful Training Ground for AP Biology Data and Experimental Reasoning

Students often discover a frustrating gap in advanced biology: they can define an operon, identify the stages of viral replication, and explain oxidative phosphorylation, yet still struggle when an exam presents an unfamiliar graph or experiment. The problem is usually not a lack of facts. It is a lack of practice turning biological mechanisms into predictions, evidence, and defensible conclusions.

That distinction matters in AP Biology. The official College Board exam overview explains that students are expected to use the scientific method, analyze data, interpret experimental results, graph information, and support claims with evidence. Memorization remains useful, but it is only the starting point.

Why microbiology makes abstract reasoning visible

Microbiology is one of the best settings for building these skills because small biological changes can produce clear, measurable patterns. Bacteria can multiply quickly. Viruses reveal how genetic information is copied and expressed. Antibiotic resistance shows natural selection over observable time. Immune responses connect cell communication, recognition, and feedback.

These topics allow a learner to move beyond “What is the definition?” and ask more useful questions:

• What mechanism is operating? For example, does a mutation change a protein target, a transport pathway, or the expression of an enzyme?
• What prediction follows? If the mechanism is correct, what should happen to growth, survival, gene expression, or another measurable outcome?
• Which comparison is fair? What control group is needed, and which variables must remain constant?
• What conclusion is justified? Do the data support causation, correlation, or only a limited observation?

A miniature example: antibiotic exposure and bacterial growth

Imagine two bacterial cultures that begin with the same cell density and receive the same nutrients, temperature, oxygen, and incubation time. Culture A receives no antibiotic. Culture B receives a fixed antibiotic concentration. Optical density is measured every twenty minutes.

A memorization-only question might ask for the definition of antibiotic resistance. A reasoning question asks much more. Which culture is the control? What belongs on each graph axis? What growth pattern is expected if the strain is susceptible? What pattern would suggest resistance? Could a flat curve indicate cell death, slower division, or a problem with the measurement? What additional experiment would distinguish among those explanations?

This single scenario connects experimental design, graph interpretation, cellular mechanism, uncertainty, and scientific argumentation. It also teaches an important habit: a result should never be stretched beyond what the experiment actually tested.

A six-step method for unfamiliar biology questions

1. State the mechanism in ordinary language. Before choosing an answer, explain what the cells, molecules, or organisms are doing.
2. Identify the changed factor. This is the independent variable—the condition deliberately altered by the investigator.
3. Identify the measured result. This is the dependent variable, and its units matter.
4. Find the control. A good control isolates the effect of the changed factor while keeping other conditions comparable.
5. Describe the data before explaining them. Note direction, magnitude, timing, plateaus, outliers, and uncertainty. Description and interpretation are not the same task.
6. Connect evidence to a limited claim. Explain why the observed pattern supports the claim and name any reasonable alternative explanation or follow-up test.

This method works across microbial growth curves, enzyme activity, gene regulation, cellular respiration, population genetics, host-pathogen interactions, and immune signaling. The biological details change, but the reasoning structure remains surprisingly stable.

Common mistakes that reduce otherwise strong answers

Repeating the prompt. Restating the data is not the same as explaining the mechanism that produced the pattern.

Ignoring units. A rate, concentration, percentage, and raw count are not interchangeable. Units reveal what the measurement actually represents.

Calling every comparison a control. A control must provide a meaningful baseline and help rule out competing explanations.

Claiming causation from association. Two variables moving together does not automatically show that one caused the other.

Choosing an answer before reading the axes. Graph questions are often lost because the learner notices the shape but not what was measured or how the scale changes.

Why uncommon questions can be more valuable than repeated recall drills

Routine questions build confidence, but unfamiliar questions reveal whether a learner can transfer knowledge. A student who understands natural selection should be able to recognize it in antibiotic resistance, viral evolution, pesticide resistance, or a changing population—even when the vocabulary and experimental setting are different.

That is why varied practice matters. Each new context forces the learner to retrieve a principle, apply it, inspect the evidence, and revise an initial interpretation. Worked explanations are especially useful when they show not only which option is correct but also why tempting alternatives fail.

A focused practice resource

Jimena Flor Figueroa’s 100 Uncommon (Poccomu) Questions for Advanced High School Microbiology and AP Biology Test Preparation: Volume 1 is designed around this kind of transfer. It contains 100 original, less-routine questions with worked explanations and ten full-length mock tests based on the published 2027 AP Biology format. Its topics include microbial growth, cell structure, energetics, genetics, virology, immunology, antimicrobials, evolution, experimental design, and data analysis.

There is no separate AP Microbiology examination. The book uses microbiology-rich situations to strengthen the broader scientific reasoning assessed in AP Biology. It is an independent study resource and is not affiliated with or endorsed by College Board.

A practical way to use the book

For each question, a learner can write four short lines before checking the solution: the mechanism, the prediction, the evidence, and the limitation. After reviewing the worked explanation, the learner should identify the exact step where the reasoning changed. This turns answer checking into deliberate practice rather than a simple right-or-wrong score.

The goal is not to memorize a hundred answers. It is to build a reusable way of thinking that remains effective when the organism, data display, or experimental setup is unfamiliar.

Book information: View the microbiology and AP Biology practice book on Amazon.

Reader note: Anyone who uses the book is encouraged to leave an honest, specific review describing both what helped and what could be improved.

Sir J C Bose-an inventor against all the odds..

Today is birthday of Sir J C Bose-inventor of millimeter wave and one of the pioneer of wireless transmission in 19th century.

He returned to India after successfully obtaining a Tripos in Natural science from University of Cambridge where Lord Raleigh was one of his teacher. What is extraordinary about his story is his determination to continue with scientific research in India when he had neither research grant, nor a lab nor his tight teaching schedule allowed him any time! He even didn't accept any salary for first three years in protest against British discrimination as Indian teachers in Presidency college were paid 40% less than their foreign counterpart.

Yet he succeeded to invent world's first millimeter wave transmitter and receiver in a 24 square foot make shift laboratory in Presidency college working late through night. He built his equipment from local carpenters. He had no research grant and he spent from his own pocket money.

He was very close to discover semiconductor diode as well since for receiver he was using a lead sulfide (Galena) detector and thus he was aware of behavior of semiconductor. However, since he was cut-off from rest of the radio research in USA and UK, he could not fathom merit of pursuing his work for large scale applications in radio which was becoming very important in military and communication in early 20th century.

Most importantly he set the trend of scientific research and education in India. Following him Calcutta University will excel in research in natural science during 1920-40 when Sir CV Raman, Satyen Bose, Meghnad Saha and SK Mitra would conduct their pioneering research in India. What is extra-ordinary about all of them, despite having no research grant or facility in colonial India, they simply defied all the odds to produce ground breaking innovations.

And what is amazing to me, despite having all kinds of grants and facilities in modern India, post independence scientists could not match their brilliance or achievement in international scale. They have proved, in scientific research inspiration is perhaps the single most factor for pioneering success.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose

IPTV R&D and operation shifting to India for gaining compettitive advantage

The Revolution in IPTV aspires to dawn a new age of entertainment by returning to the true spirit of what the entertainment industry originally stood for- Creativity and freedom of expression. Despite video or music on demand held promise for so long, it is only in last few years, IPTV has been able to beat the quality of DVD and Cable TV. Protection against piracy and superb quality acted as catalyst to exponential growth of IPTV Set Top Box industry. Even if US authority had cracked down on 83 pirate sites including the King Kong of forgery, Pirate Bay, entertainment industry is still bleeding heavily from the loss of revenue caused by the Torrent pirates. Source of piracy is always physical media like DVD and CD which will soon be history as DVD player will be replaced by IPTV Set Top Box in every home.

Despite introduced as early as 2006 by AT&T ( U Verse IPTV), IPTV emerged as the most viable alternative to DVD rues and escalating High Definition media ( Blue Ray) cost only with Roku Box-an IPTV box introduced by North America's largest movie retailer Netflix in 2008. While Roku forced the Netflix's rental competitor Hollywood Video and Block Bluster to bankruptcy- Google, Verizon and Amazon lost no time to launch their IPTV service in 2010-11. Currently, Netflix drives 1/4th of US audited traffic between 7-10 PM in any city and the movie watchers in IPTV are exponentially growing. And why not? Secured media delivery over Internet and that's too with a quality of Blue Ray is a dream come true story for both the viewers and the producers. So the IPTV is now movers and shakers in Hollywood-frenzy race is on among the distributors who can push their library faster than others to cash on to an emerging IPTV boom.

As much as it may sound a fascinating fairy tale of technological innovation, a savior of entertainment industry, the grim reality is otherwise for IPTV box and technology developers. IPTV is a lot more complex operation compared to Cable TV or any other format. It needs front end development in IPTV set-up box in addition to developing video hosting platform in
Content Delivery Network (CDN). If the providers decide to go with ready made platform like Brightcove etc. without developing their own, operational bandwidth cost can not be justified or sustained. Therefore the total integrated development cost may vary between $240k-$500k for successful launch of an IPTV platform. Moreover, mobile IPTV, Satellite IPTV and hybrid IPTV are emerging as new horizon for cashing on the existing contents which will add to additional R&D development cost. Besides, video encoding cost is also escalating and full automated encoding does not guarantee excellent quality. So despite the existence of full IEEE standard for IPTV like ( HomePNA 3.0 G.9954 ), cost of IPTV development is remaining a major issue.


When a single movie can gross between $100-200M, one may wonder, why such sub-million development cost is a significant impediment to IPTV growth? Well reality is, in video-on-demand (VOD) market only model that works is subscription and no IPTV provider has been able to charge more than $10 per month learning from their past failures. Even the largest IPTV provider like Roku has only 1.5 million subscribers. On the top, producers get their fat cut anything between 50-70%. So after paying the producers and developers, the distributors are finding it hard to extract any margin whatsoever.

Therefore, IPTV development is now heading offshore in India. Also, since development cost has to be contained tightly between $50-250k, software giants like Infosys, TCS and Wipro didn't develop much expertise in IPTV since the prospect does not commensurate with their size. On the other hand, medium sized companies like R-System Inc ( Head Quarter in Folsom, CA and development center in Delhi- A BSE listed public company) are much better poised for IPTV development and subsequent operational support from India. They are already supporting IPTV customers all over the globe both technologically and operationally cutting down the IPTV Capex by 60% and Opex by nearly 70%. R System is highly focused on IPTV and they offer development service for all the phases and all the verticals including Mobile IPTV, Satellite IPTV, Hybrid IPTV etc. offering both vertical expertise and cost saving. Rekhi Singh, CEO of R Systems further asserted:

The Digital Media space that covers solutions such as IPTV and Mobility is one of the fastest growing segments in the market today with the mobile video industry in the US alone expected to grow to $16B by 2014. We have been proactively pursuing this space since 2002 when we implemented one of the first online Digital Music services. Since then we have assisted one of the market leaders in the IPTV space to enhance and modify their product with several advanced IPTV centric features such as Video on Demand (VOD), Interactive polling. Similarly we have been ahead of the curve in the mobility space in areas such as Wi Max, Android and IOS development. With over 400 person years of experience in this space we are uniquely positioned to partner and assist our customers navigate through a very complex, overcrowded and rapidly evolving marketplace. This makes us unique in this space with few other vendors able to bring this kind of holistic expertise that has been developed though years of proactive investments


How the technology would evolve in IPTV market remains to be seen, but surely India has already emerged as the most favored back office for IPTV development and support.

Citizen journalism/Analysis for Indian Politics

Days of mainstream media are over. We are at the dawn of social media when the readers will be the newsmakers and writers. Gone are the days when Hindu or Times of India would be able to suppress any news which is not conducive to their sponsors. Big corporate house and vested political interest can not dominate opinion of the people any more . Voice of people is now free and can be heard in every social networking forum.

However, the story is not complete yet. Source of our discussion in any social networking forum is still the news published by mainstream media. So mainstream media holds a lot of influence on our opinion. To break this, we need citizen journalism. That is, if we find price is roaring, politicians are corrupt, tell your story with some photos taken in your mobile phone. Nothing more and nothing less. You create news. CNN-Ireport and Fox-U report are already a great success in America. NDTV also started this in India-but in India, we are still dominated by mainstream journalists and established newspapers.

I did citizen journalism for CNN-Ireport mostly for environment and then I was convinced
we need it in India too. Yes, citizen news in India are coming in twitter, facebook and orkuts-
but we need to organize that in a more news-site like fashion so such such news is easily accessible.

That's why I thought of Politicoindia [www.politicoindia.com] which has been designed as a complete social media-for citizen journalists and all the political writers. After registration, everybody can upload or link their news,blogs, video, radio here. There will be no censorship except on pornography and abuse. You have a complete searchable database for news published for any archive purpose.

These are the reasons why you should write or link your news/article blogs here:
[1] There is no censorship on any ideology
[2] we accommodate all rational and truthful write up
[3] You can connect video and radio news directly
[4] comment section is better designed than rediff
[5] You just can link the URL of your blog if so wished
[6] we have a more than 50,000 visitors a day hit
[7] Your news will be mainstream news on the top

The whole project is maintained by Democratic India Forum Inc, Maryland-a non-profit organization dedicated for the practice of democratic values and norm.

Social media is a new step to democracy-let jump into its bandwagon.

Mobile Media and Revolution of Indian Rural Society

According to UNESCO, fostering the development of the media sector and achieving free, pluralistic, and independent media are pivotal in any country for development in general. Among other conditions, there has to be a good mix of public, private, and community media, and a professional capacity that includes use of digital technologies.

Considering Indian context, only digital device available to Indian rural community is mobile handset. While now 500 million Indians, nearly half of the population is using mobile phone, its use has been restricted only for voice communication or SMS for 95% of the users.

But for the most of the technology visionaries, mobile phone is an amazing device for future. It is your TV, video phone, Internet, personal computer and credit card all merged into one single device. Revolution in mobile data technology by Iphone, Storm or Androids revealed virtually all the informatics need of the modern society can be punched into a single mobile handset.

Now keep that perspective for rural India. Almost a century and half back, Swami Vivekananda realized heart of India lives in the villages and it is there, people are suffering primarily because they are off the grid from advancement made by urban India. Among many maladies that are holding rural Indians to catapult into 21st century, one of the most important one is the availability of the market. For rural peasantry, local rural market is the only market he has access for selling his product. Nobody except a few local merchants know about his produce which might be one of the best quality in the world.

LokMangal rural media is going to transform that despair of the rural producers. Now they will have means to expand their market to whole India. Their firm produce, irrespective of the quantities, will be known to the rest of the world! It may sound like a fiction but reality of innovation has always proven to be more exciting and promising to the people.

Ideas for the future

Security Systems:
National security is broadly understood as nation's preparedness against threat to subversive terrorism in all the forms-mass killing by suicide bombing to the infiltration of fake currency. If one can compare the number of terrorist cells busted by FBI as opposed to frequent acts of terrorism that blitzed India since 9/11, one will be able to appreciate the security system developed by homeland security to thwart terrorist attack well in advance. It was a success of information assimilation , filtration and artificial intelligence.

Since the time of Chanakya, information gathering has been regarded as key to national security. With the advent of modern telecommunication systems, when 500 millions people in India are talking to each other with couple of billions of phone calls in each day, identifying a handful of suspicious voice in real time among the billions of phone calls can make huge difference in a nation's preparedness against the enemy. No matter how simple it may sound, even to achieve such success requires several layers of complexity in wide area network, data streaming and data filtration each of which demands manifold research and development according to local and customized requirements.

Sensor integration for better urban life:
Among the top 20 polluted cities of the world, Indian and China are home to 9 of them. Exponential growth of population in the cities and with a limited resource to spare, these two rising giants have been suffering on all the accounts of urban development-from traffic congestion to inorganic contamination in the water. European cities have successfully controlled city pollution by wide area sensor network-that is for air, water and traffic, multiple sensors strategically located at the different part of the cities can bring feed and polluting information in a central location through mobile network. This enables environmental monitoring of the cities in the most effective way so that the municipality can take focused steps to reduce pollution levels. However to design such a sensor network is more of an art customized to a city's requirement and geography than a mere integration job.

Wide Area Video Surveillance:
In these days, local area video surveillance is no brainier. However to monitor the terrorists or a catastrophic event where feeds from traffic camera, local surveillance and satellite images need to be integrated and to be fed to various federal Government agencies on need to know basis , a cobweb of high data rate video feeds originating from thousands of kilometer remote location need to be accomodated to a single server and then distribute to different Government servers. This involves marriages of complex technologies like fiber optics network, Wi Max , human face auto-recognition by the remote camera and many more! Such system would enable much better response from Government agencies during emergency of terrorist attack or a national disaster like earth quake or cyclone as they would be able to allocate resources more appropriately.

Tourism Marketing and Monitoring System
Tourism is a major source of revenue for any country. These days, all the international tourists look for information in the Internet before deciding their vacations. Several thousands of websites exist to offer information to the tourists in the form of blogs, forum and wiki. Despite the existence of volumes of information, in the underdeveloped countries, very often tourists get touted by the local fraudsters since all the information are not readily available to the tourists on the spot. A mobile application that allow any tourist to access information on need to know basis could change this situation for ever since a tourist can verify any price offering immediately using mobile phones.

Improving the safety in the Railway systems:
Despite deployment of various safety measures, train accidents do happen all over the world. In the developing nations like India, it does happen more frequently because of dilapidated track condition, manual signaling and lack of proper maintenance. However with the advent of various sensor and video technologies and existence of fiber optical link along the railway track, effective video and sensor surveillance can be developed to identify weak condition of the track and hazardous situation arising out of flawed signalling. Overall, remote monitoring and automatic fault detection in the track can reduce the frequency of the accidents in the Railway to a great extent.

Is there any future for Socialism and Communism?

(1)
At the onset of the present global recession, socialist blogs flooded over cyberspace hoping the best for the end of evil empire of capitalism. Anybody familiar with the writings of Marx and Engels, may find the situation hopelessly ironic since such cycles of recession tossed the economy upside down even then in the 19th century pretty much in the same manner and due to same maladies of capitalism. Nevertheless, every time capitalism managed to float by new innovations and auto-adjustment of market. Question that Marxist theoreticians always asked themselves, how long Capitalism can manage to roll out from this seemingly endless cycles of boom and recession? Can it fail? Remember the case of Iceland-a tiny Island nation in Europe
that transformed into the most prosperous nation in last two decades following the roller coaster of free market only to fail completely in 2008 when market fell flat on their face! We have not seen that kind of catastrophic failure of market in other countries but nevertheless, miseries brought to the people by these recession cycles at least forced us to think whether or not we should seek alternative form of political system to alleviate the level of suffering.

Incidentally the empirical model of any such analysis and speculation to the future is difficult. Reason is simple. Political system in any democratic nation always followed mixed economy of socialism and free market structure. Just to cite a practical example, today I got vaccinated against Swine flu virus from a Govt. established clinic in Baltimore. Demand for Swine flu vaccine is very high and at near fanatic level in our area considering almost 20 deaths reported last month in the state of Maryland. Given such high volume of demand all over the countries, champion of free market would have advocated vaccination through private clinics and vaccine production left to the hand of the pharmaceuticals to ensure success of vaccination. But supreme advocate of free marketers of the world could not rely on free market in this critical matter of public health. Instead US Govt. produced the vaccine on mass scale and distributed for free to the people barring business of any private clinic and pharmaceuticals to profit from the situation.

Why did the advocate of free market lose faith on market on this matter and adopted to socialist practice for vaccination? Reason is simple. Market could have created a huge artificial demand by intentional short supply that would have triggered a massive public outrage among poor Americans who are not covered by any insurance. Even the champions of the free market know very well where to stop with the wheel of capitalism and adopt to socialist practice. I can clearly envision even in coming years US education and health care system would be adopting to more socialist reform or else even those who profit from this sector would be losing money.

Therefore , why not we ask for more socialist reforms even in other spheres of industries such as housing and consumer technology? Trouble starts with the history. Every consumer technology of 20th century whether it is automobile or electric bulb or Internet,has been invented in the USA on the spinning wheel of capitalism. Market is the only force that stimulates meaningful invention for the people. Soviet Union did great in military technology but when it came to innovation for people that makes our life more comfortable, socialist system was a complete failure-they could not discover anything in the field of medicine that is worth mentioning.

Besides atrocities and domicides of the communist regimes with subsequent reduction of human beings to the level of animals defused any enthusiasm one can have for Leninist style of communism. Therefore, although in USA and in Europe socialist reforms are being adopted after the global recession, at no point of time anybody in the sane frame of mind had advised Leninism as possible solution.

(2)
After the death of Leninism, it is more worthwhile to think in what alternative form the society would evolve to more socialist and then to communist society. By communism or socialism, I am not definitely indicating autocratic party rule which is nothing but red fascism which we have experienced throughout the failed experiments with Leninism from Moscow to Kolkata. We would rather concentrate on the basic definition of socialism and communism and try to understand whether that structure can still evolve.

An evolution of such structure does not need any bloody revolution that Maoists are seeking in India. Indeed, we even do not need any socialist party or socialist thinker or mass processions to bring socialism. All we need is true democracy and the evolution guaranteed in the political system of democracy. Any political movement to achieve socialism is indeed counterproductive to the emergence of structure of socialism. Such misadventure would actually decelerate the evolution towards socialism. And since my comments are against the known parochial thought process of socialist thinkers, ( except Karl Marx who indeed supported free trade exactly for the same reason I stated above) I need to explain why and how socialism and communism would be final structure of the human society. Certainly it is not the way Lenin or Bernstein envisioned but it definitely follows closely with the way originally Marx propounded. It will not be through any revolution of working class but by the gradual changes of the society due to technological revolution.

(3)

Biggest drawback of Marxism is rooted in its complete exclusion of reproductive fitness as the key driver of the society and the people. Marx was oblivious to Darwinian Historical Materialism ( the subject emerged only in last two decades in Social Science) which can explain the emergence of structure or self organization of our society in more details than Marxism. It's simple. Survival of our genetics or genetic group is key to our evolutionary process. Political systems also go through same selection and deletion process as biological beings are also subjected to, in the process of evolution. Like the way species are not born all of a sudden and in one sunny morning, political systems ( more correctly self-organization of the society) are also result of gradual evolution rather than revolution. They are selected because they adopt to environment better or in more academic term, they render more reproductive fitness to the society.

Then it is easy to see why market scored big victory over premature socialist ideals like Leninsm. It is squarely by its force of production. Force of production precedes the ideals of equality and political right as the former is directly linked with better survival and later become important when production does not reach to marginal section of the people because of uneven distribution. But if there is acute shortage of production, equal distribution does not help in reproductive fitness but the uneven distribution does, because at least a section of the society survives better for next generation instead of whole society suffers collectively as it is the case with North Korea. Therefore precondition for emergence of socialist structure is the existence of advanced production system and not the lack of it.

Market even ensures better distribution if competition is encouraged and ensured against monopolistic trade practice. Therefore we see complete eradication of poverty in Japan and in many advanced countries where as in so called communist states like North Korea or Cuba, the whole country is suffering from acute poverty despite equality has been achieved! Market needs buying power of the customers and therefore eradication of poverty is integral part of the market force even if it widens the dispersion of the wealth. Actually uneven dispersion of the wealth is also a cause of concern for the market because that would force more product differentiation which is against the spirit of high volume production to increase the profit margin. Eradication of poverty by forcing socialism failed everywhere including in China. Only market did it in Japan, North America, Western Europe and even in China. Therefore, the force of market is the only known system to eliminate the poverty. However whether the market will be a free market or a regulated market is a different question. But that is the only solution which has worked for elimination of poverty. There is no other choice. Hugo Chavez created myth of new-socialism but as the gasoline price slacked off, it becomes evidently clear his policies prevailed due to high crude price. With shrinking crude price, Venezuela's GDP is withering to negative growth with worst FDI performance. Throughout the communist regime acute poverty and famine existed in Soviet Union.

Therefore, we must ask ourselves this question first-why, when and how then the socialist structure can emerge superseding the market force when socialism is not even useful for extirpation of poverty? Well, that's the point. We should not attempt for socialism for the sake of poverty. It's wrong approach. Poverty must be eliminated by the force of market economy as market force guarantees both production and distribution if the Govt regulations are properly imposed. Then at what stage and for what reason socialism will score over market?

(4)

To answer the last question, we have to look deeply into 1) process of innovation 2) structure of market economy. We have 6B population-and we can not feed them with sustainable agriculture. There is absolutely no way, these 6B population can live without causing serious damage to our environment. Truth is-we already did great damage to the environment enough for the extinction of our future generation. And technological solution for sustaining such a large population is challenging and far more complex than ever. The sheer magnitude of impending energy crisis is just enough to engage entire scientist force in the planet. Where the investment for R&D in alternative energy, alternative public transport system, alternative agriculture and environment will come from? To secure our next generation or just to save them from extinction, we are talking about an investment in research amounting to more than 30 trillions of dollar-30 times the GDP of USA! This is beyond the capability of any market. Except for China, no other country is even remotely ready to take the challenge of future effectively. The need is immediate but we do not have enough trained man power or investment! Ground water is depleting very fast in India. Sooner or later, watering in agriculture will soar to such a high cost ( which is already happening) , food crisis or extreme high price of the food will soon create food riot. This is just one of the many such critical crisis that we are heading into next couple of decades without having technological solution.

Market economy is well positioned to risk an R&D investment of couple of billions of dollars spanning may be a maximum of five to ten years. Beyond this visibility, market can not risk any investment into R&D. But we need R&D in the range of trillions of dollars spanning more than two to three decades to make further technological progress or else we will be risking violent and unsustainable future. So how would this pressurize a socialist evolution?

The irreversible process has already started. Forget about market. Even economically the most powerful country in the world, US does not have enough resource for this. Therefore, research alliance comprising of various countries and MNCs are already forming. This is just the beginning. Complexity of research and compulsion of survival would force all the countries to work together in every field-agriculture, environment, transport, telecommunication and any significant field. And the innovation will be shared with the whole mankind. This will be the true beginning of internationalism. It will not come through solidarity of the labor movement but through the collaboration among the engineers and scientists of all the countries to solve the critical problems of the mankind to save us from the extinction.

Then what's about people's ownership of production? It is also simple correlation. These massive R&D effort will give rise to new mode of production that has to be owned by international organizations represented by all the participating countries. Since the R&D will be collectively owned by the people, production following it will also be owned by the public. It does not mean the end of private ownership immediately but in a later time, when these research efforts will produce excess for the mankind, even that is a good possibility. If we have excess of food, security for very high quality education and housing, the very purpose of private property will be fading away which is a kind of security we build for our next generation and for ourselves .

Therefore this new international mode of production will demand following
1) Collaboration of all the countries in the world and sharing of innovations for all. Market has already touched its limit for innovation.
2) Because R&D will be owned by public, production will also be owned by public
3) International standards and alliance have to be maintained leading to massive and ultimate globalization .

(5)
I am not a speculator. Even Marxist speculations failed. But we need to feel the pulse of change brought to us by technological revolution. Feel for a more democratic world brought to you by social networking websites.

Being in cutting edge R&D, I can feel, how it is becoming extremely complicated to innovate within limited resources of corporate structure. Situation right now is following-we know how to do it- we can see a better technology but we do not have resources because it is not viable investment in market economics. This limitation of market is already breaking down corporate owned research in many areas. Therefore a changed mode of production is imminent.

I am hopeful to see this evolution in my lifetime. However, I have to mention again that socialist movements will impede this transformation into socialism no matter how ironic that may sound.